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Source:UNEP/GRID-Arendal offsite link, offsite linkContinental Shelf: The Last Maritime Zone (2011) at 28. 133, 83rd Cong. Moreover, those vessels outside the territorial sea may claim freedom of navigation, especially if they are travelling to or from China's claimed territorial waters. The Territorial Sea is a narrow belt of water, not exceeding 12 nm, determined through the normal baseline, the low water line along the coastline which has been officially recognized by the coastal State and has been determined in accordance with the provisions of UNCLOS. Except as provided in PartIV, waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State. Territorial Sea of the United States of America. Proclamation 5928 of December 27, 1988. The baselines for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea determined in accordance with articles7,9 and10, or the limits derived therefrom, and the lines of delimitation drawn in accordance with articles12 and15 shall be shown on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position. Foreign flag ships enjoy the right of innocent passage while transiting the territorial sea subject to laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State that are in conformity with the Law of the Sea Convention and other rules of international law relating to such passage. The U.S. normal baselines are ambulatory and subject to changes as the coastline accretes and erodes.Additional reference information: Internal (or inland) waters are the waters on the landward side of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Lewis M. Alexander, International Straits. As per the UNCLOS, the territorial sea is a belt of coastal waters that extends from the baseline to 12 nautical miles. Meredith A. Westington and Matthew J. Slagel, Restatement (Second) of Foreign Relations Law 13 (Internal Waters) (1965), 48 C.J.S. 5030 of March 10, 1983, Mayaguezanos por la Salud y el Ambiente v. U.S, U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century: Final Report (2004), U.S. Department of State Geographic Bulletin No. Territorial Waters. 0000000711 00000 n 4. Extension of the . In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf. It establishes an International Seabed Authority (ISA) to authorize seabed exploration and mining and collect and distribute the seabed mining royalty. By the 1970s, however, more than forty countries had asserted a twelve-mile limit for their territorial waters. 2. 1979), Oxford Public International Law: Internal Waters (2013), Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Certain Foreign Ministers of November 8, 1793, The Three-Mile Limit of Territorial Seas: A Brief History (1972), Reagan Extends Territorial Waters to 12 Miles, Freedom of Navigation and Territorial Seas (May 18, 2015), Notifications of Suspension of Innocent Passage, (64 Fed. The convention resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 5, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. Note: Since the "coast line," a term used in theSubmerged Lands Act, 43 U.S.C. Generally speaking, the normal baseline is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State. Territorial Rights and Maritime Zones | SpringerLink Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial sea, with strategic straits allowing the passage of military craft as transit passage, in that naval vessels are allowed to maintain postures that would be illegal in the territorial sea. 1(1), 135-137. The maritime zones recognized under international law includeinternal waters, theterritorial sea,thecontiguous zone,theexclusive economic zone(EEZ),the continental shelf,thehigh seasand theArea. In particular, in the application of this Convention or of any laws or regulations adopted in conformity with this Convention, the coastal State shall not: (a) impose requirements on foreign ships which have the practical effect of denying or impairing the right of innocent passage; or. 1982'de imzalanp 1994'tr yrrle giriyor. 0000003644 00000 n All coastal states have the. If the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay does not exceed 24nautical miles, a closing line may be drawn between these two low-water marks, and the waters enclosed thereby shall be considered as internal waters. Although the Bering Strait is 44 nautical miles wide at the narrowest point between the U.S. and Russian mainlands (Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, and Cape Dezhneva, Siberia), Little Diomede Island (U.S.) and Big Diomede Island (Russia) are located midway between Cape Prince of Wales and Cape Dezhneva. Note: Under certain U.S. fisheries laws, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the term EEZ is defined as having an inner boundary that is coterminous with the seaward (or outer) boundary of each of the individual coastal states of the U.S.See16 U.S.C. Article76. Daza said that on April 23, in waters around Ayungin Shoal, China Coast Guard vessel No. A lock ( (b) discriminate in form or in fact against the ships of any State or against ships carrying cargoes to, from or on behalf of any State. 1. The nine (9) nautical mile Natural Resources Boundary is the seaward limit of the submerged lands of Puerto Rico, Texas and the Gulf coast of Florida. ", This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 17:08. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) agreement came into effect on 16 November 1994. The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. The MARPOL convention is an example of such regulation. UNCLOS Maritime Zones - Drishti IAS The coastal State may, without discrimination in form or in fact among foreign ships, suspend temporarily in specified areas of its territorial sea the innocent passage of foreign ships if such suspension is essential for the protection of its security, including weapons exercises. In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef, as shown by the appropriate symbol on charts officially recognized by the coastal State. Roadsteads which are normally used for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea. LOSC art. 1. 5 Terms Every Mariner Should Know Under UNCLOS Each coastal State may claim an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines (or out to a maritime boundary with another coastal State). 1312 offsite link. generation in Japan' s territorial waters and inland waters in accordance with the Act on Promoting the Utilization of Sea Areas for the Development of Marine Renewable Energy Power Generation . (d) if such measures are necessary for the suppression of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. offsite link RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS. Under Article 17 of UNCLOS, innocent passage is the right to proceed through another country's territorial waters without interference. In the territorial sea, submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag. The Area and its resources are the common heritage of mankind, and no State may claim or exercise sovereignty or sovereign rights over any part of the Area or its resources. 2. 1st Sess. Baseline (sea) - Wikipedia Foreign states may also lay submarine pipes and cables. Rights of protection of the coastal State. (The extent of the continental shelf can also be limited by a maritime boundary with another coastal State.) This map only shows EEZ, territorial waters. arts. UNCLOS also allowed for an additional 12-mile contiguous zone where a nation could enforce smuggling and immigration laws. When the coast is deeply indented, has . Charts and lists of geographical coordinates. Article55. A large portion of these requirements were further strengthened and expanded. "We again call on China to respect the Philippines' rights over the West Philippine Sea, as provided by Unclos and refrain from actions that may cause an untoward incident," Daza said. [26] There is a particular concern for marine biodiversity and the impact of overfishing on global fish stocks and ecosystem stability. US-China International Law Disputes in the South China Sea Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. The resulting 1994 Agreement on Implementation was adopted as a binding international convention. Taiwan leader Tsai Ing-wen held talks with McCarthy in Los Angeles on Wednesday, expressing gratitude afterwards for the meeting, which included other US lawmakers. [citation needed]. 0000003243 00000 n A UN specialized agency, the International Maritime Organization, does play a role, however, as well as other bodies such as the International Whaling Commission and the International Seabed Authority (ISA), which was established by the convention itself. Due to Part XI, the United States refused to ratify the UNCLOS, although it expressed agreement with the remaining provisions of the convention. Alternatively, a list of geographical coordinates of points, specifying the geodetic datum, may be substituted. UNCLOS replaces the older "freedom of the seas" concept, dating from the 17th century. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA, SUBSECTION A. Mavi Vatan / Blue Homeland map : r/Turkey - Reddit [10] That limit is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese straits, certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few British Overseas Territories, such as Gibraltar. The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established . 2. 3. Footnote 46 This left EUNAVFOR MED warships without direct . The major points addressed at the review meeting were (i) the position of A baseline, as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is the line (or curve) along the coast from which the seaward limits of a state's territorial sea and certain other maritime zones of jurisdiction are measured, such as a state's exclusive economic zone.Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line of a coastal state. 17 Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities With Respect to Activities in the Area Advisory Opinion, International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea Finally Renders Advisory Opinion Establishing that the Precautionary Principle is Incorporated Within UNCLOS Law, "Governing areas beyond national jurisdiction", "Who Owns the Ocean's Genes? 5. Overlaps between the two groups were resolved, but a decline in the demand for minerals from the seabed made the seabed regime significantly less relevant. Contiguous zone: Beyond the 12-nautical-mile (22km) limit, there is a further 12 nautical miles (22km) from the territorial sea baseline limit, the contiguous zone. UNCLOS is the only international convention which stipulates a framework for state jurisdiction in maritime spaces. Additionally, in order to control trafficking in archaeological and historical objects found at sea, a coastal State may presume that their removal from the seabed of the contiguous zone without its consent is unlawful. Passage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State if in the territorial sea it engages in any of the following activities: (a) any threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations; (b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; (c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal State; (d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defence or security of the coastal State; (e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft; (f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device; (g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State; (h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention; (j) the carrying out of research or survey activities; (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems of communication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State; (l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage. In the Great Lakes, each U.S. states seaward boundary may extend to the international maritime boundary with Canada. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas. 1301 et seq., and the baseline are determined using the same criteria under international law, the Three Nautical Mile Line is generally the same as the seaward boundaries of individual U.S. coastal states under the Submerged Lands Act. HU}Pgn%R@ WQt!|E,e'=Zc*-D PE 'Hm-vkb-iigupLM|q;} eOZ`?nt16pF E`q2FVRQqX;HZ} $M{BCY#_UCjzrk .GJ0Dv)F-Xd(~+%1|Ct /o>jU]o[W(EVLwVU+ |(` $X,F8Ua:=4$+9%aI.:/&oBC E2Z{9bEFO2> 5, The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea,. Table 1: UNCLOS Provisions and Regulation Areas (UNCLOS, 2013) 0000005113 00000 n Where a low-tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, the low-water line on that elevation may be used as the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea. 2d International Law 85 (Inland waters) (2021). Tension on the High Seas", "Ocean treaty: Historic agreement reached after decade of talks", "UN states agree 'historic' deal to protect high seas", List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions, Permanent Court of Arbitration Past and Pending Cases, Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010), United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, "Technical aspects of the UN Law of the Sea", UNEP Shelf Programme, UN organisation set up to assist States in delineating their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370km), Digital Map of the World's Exclusive Economic Zones, Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&oldid=1152341988, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish, Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Andrew P. Owsiak (2021). 5. A state's continental shelf may exceed 200 nautical miles (370km) until the natural prolongation ends. isapproximately 7.7 million km2(square kilometers), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, About the General Counsel International Section, Carbon Capture and Storage in Sub-Seabed Geological Formations, Vandalism/Negligent Destruction of Ocean and Coastal Observing Systems, Geoengineering as a Response to Climate Change The London Convention and London Protocol, International Maritime Organization (IMO) Area Based Management Tools (ABMTs), Law Student Internships/Externships & Law Graduate Internships, Straits Used for International Navigation, Determination of the U.S. National Baseline, State Practice in Delimiting Maritime Zones, U.S. Maritime Zones and the Determination of the National Baseline, 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, Article 8, U.S. v. Louisiana, 394 U.S. 11, 22 (1969), United States v. Postal, 589 F.2d 862 (5th Cir. Territorial sea: Up to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the baseline, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate the use, and use any resource, in essence, the coastal State enjoys Sovereign rights and sovereign jurisdiction within its territorial sea. The United States proclaimed jurisdiction and control over its continental shelf in 1945 (Presidential Proclamation No. 3. As per this map, those islands/islets are so . Basis for the resolution of The continental shelf of a coastal State is comprised of the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nm from its baselines where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance. Part XII also bestows coastal and port states with broadened jurisdictional rights for enforcing international environmental regulation within their territory and on the high seas. Where the method of straight baselines is applicable under paragraph1, account may be taken, in determining particular baselines, of economic interests peculiar to the region concerned, the reality and the importance of which are clearly evidenced by long usage. HMS Defender incident: what the law of the sea says In its contiguous zone, a coastal State may exercise the control necessary to prevent the infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea, and punish infringement of those laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea. 10 Article 58. 3. It does not include superjacent waters (i.e.,the water column) or the air space above those waters. A vessel in the high seas assumes jurisdiction under the internal laws of its flag state. Islands within an indentation shall be included as if they were part of the water area of the indentation. A man waters his lawn in Alhambra on April 27, 2022, a day after Southern California declared a water-shortage emergency, with unprecedented new restrictions on outdoor watering for millions of people living in Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Ventura counties. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. For the purposes of this Convention, a bay is a well-marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations. Such laws and regulations shall not apply to the design, construction, manning or equipment of foreign ships unless they are giving effect to generally accepted international rules or standards. 2667 of Sept. 28, 1945). In an attempt to reduce the possibility of groups of nation-states dominating the negotiations, the conference used a consensus process rather than majority vote. Copy of Maritime ChokePoints.pdf - AP HUG Unit IV Political Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of its continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. In the designation of sea lanes and the prescription of traffic separation schemes under this article, the coastal State shall take into account: (a) the recommendations of the competent international organization; (b) any channels customarily used for international navigation; (c) the special characteristics of particular ships and channels; and. Omt3!g`A\[6Y7~L^ (gxr2Q.8yB 0e w-!JKMk>J#G!voD(}/#?%rZ7%qXoSGu(d;S[HS}:ic. It is slightly more than a land measured mile (1 nautical mile = 1.1508 land miles or 1.85 km). 4. About the UNCLOS - Institute for Maritime and Ocean Affairs SECTION 2. . Under the Submerged Lands Act, the seaward boundary of each of the individual coastal states is generally three nautical (or geographic) miles from the coast line. Charges may be levied upon a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea as payment only for specific services rendered to the ship. UNCLOS expanded each nation's territorial waters to 12 nautical mi (22 km). The breadth of the territorial sea, contiguous zone, and EEZ (and in some cases the continental shelf) is measured from thebaselinedetermined in accordance with customary international law as reflected in the1982 Law of the Sea Convention offsite link. Seizing stateless smuggling vessels on the Mediterranean High Seas Wisconsin International Law Journal. Article 18 defines "passage" as navigation through the . Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship. Except as provided in PartXII or with respect to violations of laws and regulations adopted in accordance with PartV, the coastal State may not take any steps on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed before the ship entered the territorial sea, if the ship, proceeding from a foreign port, is only passing through the territorial sea without entering internal waters. While the CC and its Annexes, including Annex 2, are . [1] In 2023, agreement was reached on a High Seas Treaty to be added as an instrument of the convention, to protect ocean life in international waters. territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, Australia, Chile, and Argentina claim Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) rights or similar over 200 nm extensions seaward from their continental claims, but like the claims themselves, these zones are not accepted by other countries; 22 of 29 Antarctic Treaty consultative parties have made no claims to Antarctic territory, although Russia and the United States have reserved the right to do so, and no country can make a new claim; also see the Disputes - international entry, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to the outer limits of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limitcontinental shelf: median line with neighbors, territorial sea: 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's territorial sea is 3 nm; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for negotiating a definitive agreement on territorial differences with Guatemalaexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimcontinental shelf: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmEnvironment (Protection and Preservation) Zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200/350 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: since 2011, the DRC has had a Common Interest Zone agreement with Angola for the mutual development of off-shore resources, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 3 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmnote: Ecuador has declared its right to extend its continental shelf to 350 nm measured from the baselines of the Galapagos Archipelago, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cypruscontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median lineexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea)continental shelf: 200m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen and Iles Eparses (does not include the rest of French Southern and Antarctic Lands); Juan de Nova Island and Tromelin Island claim a continental shelf of 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: extent not specifiedexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, note: effective 3 January 2009, the Gaza maritime area is closed to all maritime traffic and is under blockade imposed by Israeli Navy until further notice, territorial sea: 6 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 3 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median lineexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulfcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: to depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and the Korea and Tsushima Straitscontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmnote: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned, territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Straitcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russiacontinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 62 nmnote: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 25 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: defined by treaty, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 10 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or edge of continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea as wide as 285 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: as determined by bilateral agreements or the median line, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 3 nmexclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean), territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: extends to depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlinescontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 30 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Seaexclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 m or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundariesexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 15 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: territorial sea - 12 nm, contiguous zone - 24 nm, and exclusive economic zone - 200 nm; additional zones provide for exploitation of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone; boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).