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The Japanese would have lost at least 12 million men killed, due to the enormous losses fighting, from the nuclear bomb, and the mass of Kamikaze attacks. While the US had promised never to initiate gas warfare, Japan had used gas against the Chinese earlier in the war. Apr 30, 2023, 2:37 PM PDT. Invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941. 'Hell To Pay' Sheds New Light On A-Bomb Decision : NPR One staff study estimated that the kamikazes could destroy a third to half of the invasion force before landing. The military leaders were for outright rejection of the Allied surrender, as it did not guarantee the Emperors sovereignty. Chapter 14: Japan's Surrender - United States Army Center of Military Manchurian Strategic Offensive | World War II Database - WW2DB Stalin brought forward the invasion of Manchuria due to the dropping of the atomic bomb. This article appears in: . [16] The Eighth was to upgrade their B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators to B-29 Superfortresses (the group received its first B-29 on 8 August 1945).[16]. [34] From the Battle of Saipan onward, Japanese propaganda intensified the glory of patriotic death and depicted the Americans as merciless "white devils". Early in the war (such as at Tarawa), the Japanese employed strong defenses on the beaches with little or no manpower in reserve, but this tactic proved vulnerable to pre-invasion shore bombardment. Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from At Kysh, because of the more favorable circumstances (such as terrain that would reduce the Allies' radar advantage, and the impressment of wood and fabric airframe training aircraft into the kamikaze role which would have been difficult for Allied radar systems of the time to detect and track), they hoped to raise that to one for six by overwhelming the US defenses with large numbers of kamikaze attacks within a period of hours. [21] Later, a follow-up force of up to 20 additional U.S. divisions and up to 5 or more British Commonwealth divisions would have landed as reinforcements. [38], Admiral Ernest King, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S Navy, was so concerned about losses from kamikaze attacks that he and other senior naval officers argued for canceling Operation Downfall, and instead continuing the fire-bombing campaign against Japanese cities and the blockade of food and supplies until the Japanese surrendered. Stavros Atlamazoglou. Project Hula: How Russia Planned to Invade Japan (With - 19FortyFive 9 Aug 1945 - 2 Sep 1945. Commemorate75 years since the end of the Second World War in Europe and remember the personal stories of people who stood together during a time of national crisis. Several estimates were made, but varied widely in numbers, assumptions and purposes, which included advocating and opposing the invasion. On 29 July, MacArthur's intelligence chief, Major General Charles A. Willoughby, was the first to note that the April estimate allowed for the Japanese capability to deploy six divisions on Kyushu, with the potential to deploy ten. The Horribles: American Strategic Options Against Japan in 1945 Invasion of South Sakhalin | Military Wiki | Fandom General Umezu Yoshijiro, the army chief of staff, signed on behalf of the Imperial Japanese Army in front of the newly appointed Supreme Commander, Allied Powers in Japan, General Douglas MacArthur. As to the movement of ground forces I do not credit the heavy strengths reported to you in southern Kyushu. Plan 1 (shown below) detailed a German-Japanese invasion with each faction attacking an American coast. Whereas the civilian population without this protection died in their thousands. WW2 Debate: Was The US Right To Drop Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima They and their soldiers had endured three years of harsh captivity. Widespread chemical warfare was considered against Japan's population[65] and food crops. Indeed, the first day of the invasion would have been . In China, Operation Ichigo started in April 1944. The Japanese plan for defeating the invasion was called Operation Ketsug (, ketsug sakusen) ("Operation Codename Decisive"). Truman's Nightmare: U.S. Korea 247,000 [6], The primary considerations that the planners had to deal with were time and casualtieshow they could force Japan's surrender as quickly as possible with as few Allied casualties as possible. There were two unsuccessful Japanese counterattacks which ultimately weakened the capability of the defending forces to resist the American onslaught. By August, the count was up to 600,000, and Magic cryptanalysis had identified nine divisions in southern Kyshthree times the expected number and still a serious underestimate of the actual Japanese strength. Resort trips and hotel rooms - Business Insider [15], Tactical air support was to be the responsibility of the Fifth, Seventh, and Thirteenth Air Forces. As with the fact that it was the Soviet Union's defeat of Nazi Germany at Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk that crushed Nazi Germany, not D-Day which came when Hitler's defeat was already inevitable, the truth about World War II against Japan is also gradually being admitted - even if it took 70 years to do it. More than 10,000 aircraft were ready for use in July (with more by October), as well as hundreds of newly built small suicide boats to attack Allied ships offshore. In 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, formerly a partner. The atomic bomb & The Manhattan Project (article) | Khan Academy [58], Allied counter-kamikaze preparations were known as the Big Blue Blanket. [36] The Japanese were secretly constructing an underground headquarters in Matsushiro, Nagano Prefecture, to shelter the Emperor and the Imperial General Staff during an invasion. However, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 forced the suspension of this plan: the Soviets had to divert most of their resources to fighting the Germans and their allies, primarily on land, throughout most of the war, leaving their navy relatively poorly equipped. The offensive was finally halted in December. ", "That total hostile forces committed against Kyushu operations will not exceed eight (8) to ten (10) divisions and that this level will be speedily attained. A study done by General MacArthur's staff in June estimated 23,000 US casualties in the first 30 days of Olympic and 125,000 after 120 days, fighting an assumed Japanese force of 300,000[91] (in actuality some 917,000 Japanese troops were on Kyushu,[92]). Japanese military directives ordered the execution of all POWs being held if Japan was ever invaded. 6 part 1. The entire island of Okinawa is 464sqmi (1,200km2). The fighter-bombers from 40 aircraft carriers made 3000 trips to bomb the island and the big guns of ten battleships and nine cruisers fired 13,000 shells. American support included Sherman tanks armed with flamethrowers. A destroyed hotel in Kyiv after a . In May, Admiral Nimitz's staff estimated 49,000 U.S casualties in the first 30 days of Operation Olympic, including 5,000 at sea. A study done for Stimson's staff by William Shockley estimated that invading Japan would cost 1.74 million American casualties, including 400,000800,000 fatalities, and five to ten million Japanese fatalities. Before 1944, the Japanese continued to plan for an aggressive attack against the Chinese and Soviets to advance their territorial goals in the Far East. [86][pageneeded] As time went on, other US leaders made estimates of their own: In a letter to General Curtis LeMay when LeMay assumed command of the B-29 force on Guam, General Lauris Norstad told LeMay that if an invasion took place, it would cost the US "half a million" dead. What had led to the fateful decision to deploy these new weapons of mass destruction? The Americans lost 36 ships. Osprey Publishing. Depending on the degree to which Japanese civilians would have resisted the invasion, estimates ran up into the millions for Allied casualties. In 2003, there were still 120,000 of these Purple Heart medals in stock. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. [citation needed] The Australian government had asked at an early stage for the inclusion of an Australian Army infantry division in the first wave (Olympic). You must aim for the abdomen. As the war raged, the leaders of the Allies met several times to direct the course of the fighting and to begin planning for the postwar world. Barton, Charles A. Was the invasion of Okinawa even necessary? - Axis & Allies .org [citation needed], The Japanese had kamikaze aircraft in southern Honshu and Kyushu which would have opposed operations Olympic and Coronet. There was no mention of the Emperor in the declaration as public opinion was not in favour of his retention, although it had previously been decided in committee. Allied invasion planners in the Pacific were unaware that the Soviets were planning to keep that promise with an invasion of Hokkaido. [11] The Army, on the other hand, argued that such a strategy could "prolong the war indefinitely" and expend lives needlessly, and therefore that an invasion was necessary. It was followed by a second bomb on 9 August on Nagasaki. On 26 July, the United States, China and Great Britain issued the Potsdam Declaration calling for the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces and the occupation of Japan by the Allies. On 14 August Japan surrendered. It's Time to Confront Painful Truths About Using the Atomic Bombs on Japan It consisted of more than 120,000 people working on 37 different sites across 19 states in the US and in Canada, at a cost of more than $2 billion. Background However, Admiral Ernest King, Chief of Naval Operations, was prepared to oppose proceeding with the invasion, with Admiral Nimitz's concurrence, which would have set off a major dispute within the US government. . The Soviets, however, had fewer than 400 ships, most of them not equipped for amphibious assault, when they declared war on Japan on 8 August 1945.[81]. Would Japan have surrendered without the atomic bombings? Southern Kysh would offer a staging ground and a valuable airbase for Operation Coronet. On 5 Apr 1945, the Soviet Union informed Japan that the Soviet Union would . It was Germany's largest invasion force. Kyushu 900,000 [47], The Japanese did not formally decide to stake everything on the outcome of the Battle of Kysh, but they concentrated their assets to such a degree that there would be little left in reserve. In it, they estimate that during the 18 month period after June 1945 (that is, through December 1946), the Army would be required to furnish replacements for 43,000 dead and evacuated wounded every month. [22][23] The Allied forces would then have driven north and inland, encircling Tokyo and pressing on toward Nagano. Share. Operation Barbarossa: Date & Significance - HISTORY [62] The total strength of the Japanese military in the Home Islands amounted to 4,335,500, of whom 2,372,700 were in the Army and 1,962,800 in the Navy. More than seventy years after the end of World War II, the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki remains controversial. "[61], By the time of surrender, the Japanese had over 735,000 military personnel either in position or in various stages of deployment on Kyushu alone. 13 . Instead, at the Quebec conference, the Combined Chiefs of Staff agreed that Japan should be forced to surrender not more than one year after Germany's surrender. China respects sovereign state status of ex-Soviet Union countries On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan staged an attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The G-7 consists of the United States, Japan, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Canada. The well-established Japanese garrison had 8,500 troops and fielded about 77 tanks. For the Decisive Battle Kanto 1,280,000, US military intelligence initially estimated the number of Japanese aircraft to be around 2,500. NEMURO, Japan Soviet soldiers barged into Hirotoshi Kawata's home on Sept. 4, 1945, searching for hidden Japanese soldiers and valuables. The Soviets informed the Japanese in April that their neutrality pact was at an end. Maj. Gen. Kyrylo Budanov, the head of the . The Invasion of Japan - Nov 1, 1945 - The Andalusia Star-News Russia planned to attack Japan in 2021 according to leaked FSB letters This raid burned 15.8 square miles of Tokyo, killing almost 100,000 Japanese. Based on intelligence available early in 1945, their assumptions included the following:[13]. [citation needed]. This involved adding more fighter squadrons to the carriers in place of torpedo and dive bombers, and converting B-17s into airborne radar pickets in a manner similar to present-day AWACS. The ingredients in LN-8 and another tested compound would later be used to create Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War. It was the largest Japanese campaign on land during the war comprising 500,000 troops. In a conference with President Truman on June 18, Marshall, taking the Battle of Luzon as the best model for Olympic, thought the Americans would suffer 31,000 casualties in the first 30 days and ultimately 20% of Japanese casualties, which he estimated would include the entire Japanese force. Giangreco 7/19/2017 Daunting terrain and fanatical resistance threatened to take a horrific toll on GI invaders. [102] [41] However, the IJN lacked enough fuel for further sorties by its capital ships, planning instead to use their anti-aircraft firepower to defend naval installations while docked in port. [29][pageneeded] The war ended before the details of the corps were finalized. Surrender of Japan - Wikipedia Initially, they were concerned about an invasion during the summer of 1945. "[72] An air burst 1,8002,000ft (550610m) above the ground had been chosen for the (Hiroshima) bomb to achieve maximum blast effects, and to minimize residual radiation on the ground, as it was hoped that American troops would soon occupy the city. Japans surrender in Manchuria. By August, the Japanese Army had the equivalent of 65 divisions in the homeland but only enough equipment for 40 and ammunition for 30. [69], In addition to use against people, the U.S. military considered chemical attacks to kill crops in an attempt to starve the Japanese into submission. Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido | Detailed Pedia Richard B. Frank states that when the proposal reached Truman in June 1945, he vetoed the use of chemical weapons against personnel; their use against crops, however, remained under consideration. The Bomb Didn't Beat Japan - The Soviet Union Did. Important analysis Before the main invasion, the offshore islands of Tanegashima, Yakushima, and the Koshikijima Islands were to be taken, starting on X-5. [35] During the Battle of Okinawa, Japanese officers had ordered civilians unable to fight to commit suicide rather than fall into American hands, and all available evidence suggests the same orders would have been given in the home islands. Ultimately, the Navy partially conceded, and MacArthur was to be given total command of all forces if circumstances made it necessary. Russia was preparing to attack Japan in the summer of 2021, months before President Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, an email featuring a letter from a whistleblower at. The US Army Fifth and Seventh Air Forces and US Marine air units had moved into the islands immediately after the invasion, and air strength had been increasing in preparation for the all-out assault on Japan. Contributor: C. Peter Chen. 140 reconnaissance planes to detect the approach of the Allied fleet. The Soviet declaration of war also changed the calculation of how much time was left for maneuver. The provinces of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi were taken and by October 1944 Sichan was the last large province still held by the Chinese Nationalists. USASTAF and Tiger Force were to remain active through Operation Coronet. [86][pageneeded] In April 1945, the Joint Chiefs of Staff formally adopted a planning paper giving a range of possible casualties based on experience in both Europe and the Pacific. Planning was later scaled back to 22 squadrons and, by the time the war ended, to 10 squadrons: between 120 and 150 Avro Lancasters/Lincolns, operating out of airbases on Okinawa. But the war in the east still raged on and Japanese surrender seemed a long way off. The B-29 Superfortresses were then withdrawn from China to bomb Japan from the Marianas. These redeployments would have been complicated by the simultaneous demobilization and replacement of highly experienced, time-served personnel, which would have drastically reduced the combat effectiveness of many units. For Operation Downfall, the US military envisaged requiring more than 30 divisions for a successful invasion of the Japanese home islands. [102] The Atomic Bombs and the Soviet Invasion: What Drove Japan's Decision The Soviets invaded Japan-held Manchuria on Aug. 9. With the British Pacific Fleet, August 1945. As president, it was Harry Truman's decision if the weapon would be used with the goal to end the war. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945 the Allies agreed to the Soviet conditions which included restoration of her special rights in Manchuria after their defeat during the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5. Opposition from the United States and doubts within the Soviet high command caused the plans to be canceled before the invasion could begin. With the apparent rejection of the Potsdam Declaration, Truman and his advisers went ahead with the atomic attack on the Japanese mainland. [46] Although the Japanese were able to muster new soldiers, equipping them was more difficult. [70], On Marshall's orders, Major General John E. Hull looked into the tactical use of nuclear weapons for the invasion of the Japanese home islands, even after the dropping of two strategic atomic bombs on Japan (Marshall did not think that the Japanese would capitulate immediately). The Japanese estimated that the planes would sink more than 400 ships; since they were training the pilots to target transports rather than carriers and destroyers, the casualties would be disproportionately greater than at Okinawa. But tempering Marshall's personal commitment to invasion would have been his comprehension that civilian sanction in general, and Truman's in particular, was unlikely for a costly invasion that no longer enjoyed consensus support from the armed services.[76]. The combined Allied naval armada would have been the largest ever assembled, including 42 aircraft carriers, 24 battleships, and 400 destroyers and destroyer escorts. Gradually, intelligence learned that the Japanese were devoting all their aircraft to the kamikaze mission and taking effective measures to conserve them until the battle. Top Image: Remains of a Shinto Shrine, Nagasaki, Japan, October 1945. In preparation for the invasion, an air campaign against Japanese airfields and transportation arteries had commenced before the Japanese surrender. On July 26, the leaders of the US, Britain and China issued the Potsdam Declaration, demanding unconditional Japanese surrender and vowing "prompt and utter destruction" if Japan refused. The Twentieth Air Force was to have continued its role as the main Allied strategic bomber force used against the Japanese home islands, operating from airfields in the Mariana Islands. Countless more would have been wounded. In addition, Japan had about 100 Kry-class midget submarines, 300 smaller Kairy-class midget submarines, 120 Kaiten manned torpedoes,[41] and 2,412 Shin'y suicide motorboats. Airbases would be established, which would give cover for Operation Coronet, the attack on Tokyo Bay. Plan 2 has the Japanese invading the West Coast of America via Pearl Harbor and then California. Initially the US undertook daylight precision bombing raids, but on the nights of 9-10 March,a change of strategy began with low level mass incendiary attacks on Japanese cities. The main attack was carried out by the Fourteenth Army, comprising 340,000 Indian troops, 100,000 British and 80,000 African soldiers, which defeated the Japanese defending forces in central Burma. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 brought an end to the Second World War, but at a terrible cost to the Japanese civilian population, and signalling the dawn of the nuclear age. 109 (8): 4647, History of Planning division, ASF. From CNN's Wayne Chang in Taipei The advancing Soviets claimed to have killed 84,000 Japanese soldiers and captured almost 600,000. In early 1945, Miyazaki was virtually undefended, while Ariake, with its good nearby harbor, was heavily defended. More than 170,000 US servicemen took part in the islands capture, it was the most costly operation in the Pacific war. Japan's Plan | American Experience | Official Site | PBS Why Was the Decision Made to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan? - ThoughtCo Russia-Ukraine war news: Russian invasion fuels record defense spending [67], Although chemical warfare had been outlawed by the Geneva Protocol, neither the United States nor Japan was a signatory at the time. Surprise resort trips and empty hotel rooms reveal how Russia's plan for an easy victory in Ukraine fell apart. Japan and the Soviet Union formally made peace four years later, when they signed the Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956. "[87] To sustain the campaign on Kyushu, planners estimated a replacement stream of 100,000 men per month would be necessary, a figure achievable even after the partial demobilization following the defeat of Germany. After the name Operation Olympic was compromised by being sent out in unsecured code, the name Operation Majestic was adopted. Truman's Nightmare: U.S. Invasion of Japan, 1945-46 - HistoryNet November 26, 2022 Months before President Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, he was planning to attack Japan, according to an alleged letter from a whistleblower at Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB). [24] This was rejected by U.S. commanders and even the initial plans for Coronet, according to U.S. historian John Ray Skates, did not envisage that units from Commonwealth or other Allied armies would be landed on the Kant Plain in 1946. [28] However, the Australian government questioned the appointment of an officer with no experience in fighting the Japanese, such as Keightley and suggested that Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead, an Australian who had been carrying out the New Guinea and Borneo campaigns, should be appointed. [42] Unlike the larger ships, these, together with the destroyers and fleet submarines, were expected to see extensive action defending the shores, with a view to destroying about 60 Allied transports. Kyle Palmer, war correspondent for the Los Angeles Times, said half a million to a million Americans would die by the end of the war. The key assumption was large-scale participation by civilians in the defense of Japan. This area would then be used as a further staging point to attack Honshu in Operation Coronet. . Kanto (Tokyo) 950,000 An inventory of mines was anchored to the sea bottom off each potential invasion beach for their use by the suicide divers, with up to 10,000 mines planned. Estimated troop strength in early July was 350,000,[59] rising to 545,000 in early August. When the Western Allies began planning for the invasion of Japan's home islands, they asked for Soviet assistance to keep the large Kwantung army in Manchuria tied down so the troops could. The operation for the occupation of Japan following the landing may be a very long, costly and arduous struggle on our part. Prior to the First Quebec Conference, a joint CanadianBritishAmerican planning team produced a plan ("Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan") which did not call for an invasion of the Japanese Home Islands until 194748. On 8 May 1945, the Allies celebrated VE Day, marking the end of the war in Europe. At the Yalta Conference (February 1945), the Allies had agreed that the Soviet Union would take the southern part of the island of Sakhalin, which Japan had invaded during the 19041905 Russo-Japanese War, and which Russia had ceded in the Treaty of Portsmouth after the war (the Soviets already controlled the northern part), and the Kuril Islands, which had been assigned to Japan in the 1875 Treaty of St. Petersburg. [3], Responsibility for the planning of Operation Downfall fell to American commanders Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur and the Joint Chiefs of StaffFleet Admirals Ernest King and William D. Leahy, and Generals of the Army George Marshall and Hap Arnold (the latter being the commander of the U.S. Army Air Forces). Fact Check: Military limitations stopped Japanese invasion, not guns Olympic was also to include a deception plan, known as Operation Pastel. They also considered skipping the preliminary invasion and going directly at Tokyo. [100] [74] Attacking northern Honshu would have the advantage of a much weaker defense but had the disadvantage of giving up land-based air support (except the B-29s) from Okinawa. Through April, May, and June, Allied intelligence followed the buildup of Japanese ground forces, including five divisions added to Kysh, with great interest, but also some complacency, still projecting that in November the total for Kysh would be about 350,000 servicemen. These were responsible for attacking Japanese airfields and transportation arteries on Kyushu and Southern Honshu (e.g. The Army began experimenting with compounds to destroy crops in April 1944, and within one year had narrowed over 1,000 agents to nine promising ones containing phenoxyacetic acids. The Soviets had arrived to train on the first of 149 vessels the U.S. Navy was transferring to the Soviet Union. IWM collections. For the failed Mongol invasion attempts, see, "Soviet invasion of Japan" redirects here. And it was, indeed, the death blow U.S . What Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Portends for Japan's Northern Territories Tokyo appears to have finally realized that Putin has no intention of ever handing any of the disputed islands back. Learn About D-Day, The Memorial, and Bedford - National D-Day Memorial [citation needed], Fears of "an Okinawa from one end of Japan to the other"[64] encouraged the Allies to consider unconventional weapons, including chemical warfare. About 39,000 were killed. "[87] This assessment included neither casualties suffered after the 90-day mark (US planners envisioned switching to the tactical defensive by X+120[88] ), nor personnel losses at sea from Japanese air attacks. "It is an awful responsibility that has come to us," the president wrote. [26] The British Government suggested that: Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Keightley should command the Commonwealth Corps, a combined Commonwealth fleet should be led by Vice-Admiral Sir William Tennant, and thatas Commonwealth air units would be dominated by the RAAF the Air Officer Commanding should be Australian. [34] The main message of "The Glorious Death of One Hundred Million" campaign was that it was "glorious to die for the holy emperor of Japan, and every Japanese man, woman, and child should die for the Emperor when the Allies arrived". Soviet-Japanese War During the Soviet-Japanese War in August 1945, the Soviet Union made plans to invade Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan 's four main home islands.