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During your workout, your blood pressure 2015). We also find that sedentary and screen time use exhibit more substantial effects among children with less educated caregivers and girls, and speculate that time use gaps, opportunity cost structures (i.e., the range of alternative activities), and the differential sensitivity of behavior to weather conditions among subgroups may play a role in the stratified results. Accessibility The results showed that participation in passive leisure activities, such reading, talking on the telephone and watching TV/listening to the radio, is more frequent among older adults (P = 0.000). (While there is no clear consensus value, specialists generally recommend first-stage F statistics of the excluded instrument above 10 [Stock, Wright, and Yogo 2002].) Clifford, Angela, Linda Lang, Ruoling Chen, Kaarin J. Anstey, and Anthony Seaton. With the emergence of smartphones and tablets, many children may be consuming media while they are primarily waiting for their parents at school, being driven home, and so forth. PubMed Conceptually, we intuit that short- and medium-run changes in sunlight result in consequent reductions or increases in specific forms of leisure activity over the same time period, which then may have short- and medium-run cognitive effects. Using extensive qualitative evidence, Lareau (2000, 2002) describes how the leisure time of children in middle-class families is highly structured and organized compared to the more informal, family-oriented working-class home environment. He is also interested in mapping the genetic architecture of phenotypic plasticity, and characterizing social and genetic sorting as distinct processes. 2009). Another consideration is the effect sizes of behavior on assessment we find among African Americans compared to whites, which could reflect differential vitamin D absorption because of the protective effects of melanin (Matsuoka et al. endobj These activities were then coded by PSID researchers, and in their raw form may be aggregated to obtain a detailed snapshot of how and where children spent their time. Effects of Active and Passive Leisure on Cognition in Children endstream Among the stratified results, the clearest differences are among the college- and non-college-educated caregiver subsamples (table 2). Another consideration is why we did not see similar effects using verbal outcomes (see online appendix table S2 for broad reading results). Mielke, Gregore I., Wendy J. These consist of the total time on the diary day doing: 1) Any leisurely physical activity that is not formal or organized (e.g., walking or hiking, but not baseball practice); 2) Any outside activity (including most forms of physical activity); 3) Any passive sedentary activity (hanging out, relaxing, or media consumption, but not reading or homework); 4) Television shows or movies across any platform; 5) Video games across any platform; and 6) Total screen time (media, gaming, and any additional non-educational computer or handheld use). Bookshelf Buchmann, Claudia, and Thomas A. DiPrete. 2023 Mar 29;13(4):293. doi: 10.3390/bs13040293. 2023 Apr 6;15:1132871. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1132871. Tom Laidley is a PhD candidate in sociology at New York University. We may see differences among our subsamples because, for example, higher-SES kids are engaging in relatively productive or cognitively active sedentary behaviors like conversing with their siblings as opposed to sitting alone watching television. ;woW5un57t\wzj#1'Rke7loqS;mam*I_]z+=[n&]?HS;mam+/vlwOs>Q>K/vlwOs>Q>K/vlwOs>Q>K+RI$I$_ For each of our time use variables, coefficients are about five to six times as large for the children of non-college-educated mothers compared to their peers, and the null results for the latter are likely at least partly due to more modest first-stage associations, which are near or under commonly proposed weak-instrument thresholds. Kent, Shia T., Leslie A. McClure, William L. Crosson, Donna K. Arnett, Virginia G. Wadley, and Nalini Sathiakumar. More recently, the theory of concerted cultivation has been developed as an extension of this work to describe how the child-rearing practices of parents and time uses of children systematically differ by race and social class. active leisure activities; life satisfaction; older adults; passive leisure activities. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Leisure in the Community: Negative Effects - ResearchGate Influence of Leisure Competence and Level of Leisure Activity on Life Satisfaction in Low-Income Older Adults in Rural South Korea. In the FE methodological framework, each respondent effectively acts as their own control by only considering within-child variation in behaviors, covariates, and test scores over time, and as a matter of course accounts for stable characteristics like race, birthweight, or sex. 8600 Rockville Pike We thank Sandra Hofferth, Annette Lareau, Elliott B. Weininger, the members of the Connected Learning Research Network, and participants from the Child/Youth/Adolescents 2017 Health, Bodies, and Wellbeing ASA paper session for their critiques on earlier drafts of this manuscript. That is, RCT studies are by definition unable to reproduce the real-world conditions in which behaviors emerge and unfold, while their limited scale prevents inferences on how effects vary among subgroups. "/S+k{zkzq=+W5= `a3.gS'`OW5= `a3.gS'`OW5= `a3.gS'`OV7]{%_9KS?qN4L}KOP[u3#A7]{%_9KS?qN4L$uE[~k#*F0=7D]DV5i G+WOm7fU-I{|6~K~ lN`=P?%Su [ wUfKkhwn0q( ,k}d9Qev[ z+Yh-DDE+W^HwITkrevv:. Behav Sci (Basel). In figure 3, we compare time use in the original CDS cohort we use in this analysis (19972007) to the newer 2014 module. Here, we use multiple imputation (MI) to handle missing cases, which involves an iterative process where observed data are used to predict missing values multiple times, resulting in a pre-specified number of imputed datasets that are then combined to obtain optimal parameter estimates (McKnight et al. Specifications that were not bounded by lag time restrictions produced substantively similar results, but with smaller coefficients and greater precision, consistent with the growth in sample size and reduced signal after including cases where testing substantially lags or precedes treatment. Zhao M, Wang Y, Wang S, Yang Y, Li M, Wang K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. %PDF-1.2 The extant evidence illustrates that activity (and inactivity) may be related both to physical changes in the brain itself, along with cognitive improvements that can positively affect test performance through numerous channelsincluding those that relate to behavior (e.g., ability to focus) rather than intellectual skill per se. The regression coefficient found that club/organization or volunteering (P = 0.008), homemaking/maintenance (P = 0.017) and traveling (P = 0.017) for active leisure activities were statistically significant predictors of Life Satisfaction Index - Z for older adults. Our results also have implications for achievement gaps documented in the social science literature. Because time diaries were assigned based on randomly selected dates, we assume no systematic relationship between when behavior was measured and any relevant demographic correlates. "/S+k{zkzq=+W5= `a3.gS'`OW5= `a3.gS'`OW5= `a3.gS'`OV7]{%_9KS?qN4L}KOP[u3#A7]{%_9KS?qN4L$uE[~k#*F0=7D]DV5i G+WOm7fU-I{|6~K~ lN`=P?%Su [ wUfKkhwn0q( ,k}d9Qev[ z+Yh-DDE+W^HwITkrevv:. Results: Frederick, Carl B., Kaisa Snellman, and Robert D. Putnam. Using the weather as an instrument, as we have described, also has its pitfalls and potential biases. One conclusion is rather clear: in 2014, American children are still engaging in far more passive than active leisure, whatever their background. In our verbal outcome specifications, time in school is highly significant in each. ! Falbe, Jennifer, Bernard Rosner, Walter C. Willett, Kendrin R. Sonneville, Frank B. Hu, and Alison E. Field. /Length 9 0 R Health benefits of serious involvement in leisure activities among older Korean adults. Front Aging Neurosci. We begin by leveraging the longitudinal aspect of the data and employ an individual fixed-effects (FE) approach, which zeros out any time-invariant factors. In the realm of public health, small-scale RCT and other experimental studies could help uncover what mechanisms are at play in deconstructing causal pathways, while other research using observational data and quasi-experimental methodology can lend support to or undermine our findings. a !1AQa"q2B#$Rb34rC%Scs5&DTdEt6UeuF'Vfv7GWgw(8HXhx )9IYiy However, little research has addressed heat-coping behaviours of elderly residents and whether green spaces play a role for this risk group during heat periods. Jacob, Brian, Lars Lefgren, and Enrico Moretti. WebA growing body of research evidence indicates that pre-event static stretching of the prime movers may actually have a negative effect on force production, power performance, strength endurance, reaction time, and running speed (4, 10, 11, 19, 34, 40, 41). We also perform a robustness check whereby we restrict our sample to sunlight outliers in an attempt to capture the influence of more random as opposed to seasonally based weather, finding substantively similar resultswith the exception of gaming, which is no longer significantly predictive (see table S3 in the online appendix). If children are customarily indoors and relatively inactive whatever their background, why might we see such a difference in effect sizes? Yet these cognitive improvements may be attributable merely to the timing of the test further along in the school year in the second wave, and the substantial accumulation of knowledge children exhibit by virtue of the additive gains they experience as the school year progresses (Fitzpatrick, Grissmer, and Hastedt 2011). It may be the case that population-level estimates (i.e., average treatment effects) are lower than what we find here, if, for example, there are declining marginal returns to going outside for outdoor-oriented children, or adaptations to staying indoors for their indoor-oriented counterparts. Lee, Jooa J., Francesca Gino, and Bradley R. Staats. *:JZjz ? Among the negative impacts observed were decreased species diversity; decreased survival, reproduction, or abundance; and behavioral or physiological endobj The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Recreation Effects of Leisure Participation on Life Satisfaction in Older Korean Adults: A Panel Analysis. Active recreation sites include swimming areas; playgrounds; tot lots; play fields; and tennis and other court game facilities. For instance, girls are over three times more sensitive to the effects of screen time than boys, yet the latter consume 2540 percent more depending on the wave. (The CDS does include general information on the genre of television programs children consumed, but only for the 1997 and 2002 waves.) Madestam, Andreas, Daniel Shoag, Stan Veuger, and David Yanagizawa-Drott. Conceptually, we do not necessarily see this as a violation of the exclusion restriction because in order to get the benefits of sunlight on cognitive performance via the vitamin D pathway, children do still need to go outside and expose their skin to the sun, as even conventional window glass blocks most ultraviolet rays. That is, the brain seems to work harder in certain seasons than it does in others to exhibit stable performance, with the only difference being in energy expenditure. According to some studies, the FOIA Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 380-386. Estimates based on a convergence in active and sedentary time use as the school year progresses and the weather gets sunnier would be biased if the real driver of improving test scores is simply having had a longer time in school since the prior summer within each wave. We also find substantial effect sizes for television and gaming, with each additional hour resulting in a loss of 38 and 63 percent of a standard deviation, respectively. recreational 2022 Aug 12;10:966989. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.966989. /Filter /FlateDecode Peterson, Bradley S., Virginia A. Rauh, Ravi Bansal, Xuejun Hao, Zachary Toth, Giancarlo Nati, Kirwan Walsh, Rachel L. Miller, Franchesca Arias, David Semanek, and Frederica Perera. Active engagement of one self to sports and recreational activities certainly gives benefits. About 16 percent of our observations were cases where children either took the test on the same or following day as the time diary was recorded, while 80 percent were lagged by less than 10 days. << The Life Satisfaction Index - Z and the Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment were analyzed to examine older adults' life satisfaction and frequency of active or passive activities. First, fewer children were eligible to take the reading tests because of different age restrictions. While the etiology of comparative disadvantage is difficult to disentangle, significant differences in cognition before kindergarten and the tendency for gaps to widen during the summer months highlight the crucial importance of the home environment (Alexander, Entwisle, and Olson 2007; Condron 2009). Stock, James H., Jonathan H. Wright, and Motohiro Yogo. The effects of sedentary behavior and screen time are particularly meaningful, given that by the 2007 wave, the adolescents in our data spent over 2.5 hours each day performing these passive leisure activities. /Filter /FlateDecode While we aggregated many individual activities into cohesive categories in the earlier stages of our analyses, we ultimately include only those that exhibit a robust first-stage association with our weather measures in the full specifications. Gaps in more passive leisure behaviors patterned on race, sex, and particularly SES as captured by mothers education persist, but seem to have attenuated somewhat. /BitsPerComponent 8 Activity 2:List down the negative effect of passive recreational Fairlie, Robert W., and Jonathan Robinson. RECREATION, PASSIVE: Recreation that involves existing natural resources and has a minimal impact. RECREATION, PASSIVE means low intensity recreation activities which have limited noise and light impacts and are minimally disruptive to the natural environment. For the purposes of this title, The Effect of Recreational Activities on the Self -esteem and WebPassive recreation shall not include activities that may result result in degradation of the trail system, including but not limited to motor vehicle use, removal of vegetation beyond that necessary for trail construction, disturbance of soil beyond that necessary for trail construction, and hunting. The negative effect of sedentary behavior is less substantial, but still accounts for a reduction of about a fifth of a standard deviation with each additional hour. We link a database of more than three million county-day measures of sunlight compiled by the US government to corresponding time use diary and cognitive assessment records longitudinally collected in the first Child Development Supplement (CDS) module of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Meta-analyses of research on the effects of acute exercise intervention suggest a positive effect on executive functioning (i.e., skills that allow for planning, multitasking, self-control, etc. Brown, Bruno P. Nunes, Inacio C M Silva, and Pedro C. Hillal. H+T5237U0 B]cC=S## %*g* e The Author(s) 2018. endobj Another crucially important potential source of bias arises from missing data. Differences patterned on race are significantly narrower than they were in the mid-twentieth century by any reasonable estimate, yet there is evidence that this convergence has stagnated since the 1990s (Neal 2006), and may be attributable to cohort-specific gains that manifested in the 1970s and 1980s (Chay, Guryan, and Mazumder 2009). active participation in We found no noticeable difference in results by excising homework time and confining the measure to the length of the school day alone. Extrapolating from effect sizes and average time use/math scores across waves, back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that differences in behavior may account for nontrivial proportions of the black/white and caregiver college/no college gaps in assessment. We actually see a small reduction in total screen time, most likely because we code these behaviors as primary rather than secondary activities. It is also important to remember that our findings consist of local average treatment effects, where only children that actually accepted the treatmentcompliers, who are induced to go outside in sunny weather but who otherwise might not, for examplecontribute to our estimates. Recent research suggests that while there does appear to be a seasonal pattern to cognitive processing presumably based in circadian rhythms, these do not manifest in actual differences in measurable ability (Meyer et al. Discussion and conclusion Passive leisure activities become alternative leisure << Frontiers | Physical Activity, Inactivity, and Sedentary Behaviors 2015). /Width 29 We conclude with a descriptive examination of the trend lines between our data and the new 2014 CDS cohort, providing relevant contemporary context for our findings. 13 0 obj (2009) find that among adults over 45, sunlight is positively associated with cognitive assessment, but only among individuals suffering from depression. WebPassive activities, such as studying nature, could also have negative impacts. 7 0 obj 2015; Prakash et al. Still, even with modest convergence, adolescents with college-educated caregivers in 2014 spend more than a half hour less engaging in sedentary behavior per day than their peers. We also see variation in effect sizes stratified by sex and race. endobj We find that weighting our data do not affect our estimates. Recent reviews have illustrated that low-SES children are significantly more likely to engage in sedentary behavior than their peers in the United States and other high-income countries (Leech, McNaughton, and Timperio 2014; Mielke et al. These effects are meaningfully large in a real-world sense, ranging from a rise or fall of a fifth to more than half a standard deviation in math scores per additional daily hour spent on the specific activity. We also include a five-year rolling average of real family income preceding the measurement year, and the poverty rate of the home census tract as a proxy for neighborhood conditions. Leech, Rebecca M., Sarah McNaughton, and Anna Timperio. Health Risks of an Inactive Lifestyle - MedlinePlus We find evidence that physical and outdoor activity positively influence math performance, while sedentary behavior and screen time exhibit the opposite effect. 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