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slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 The Ms. CARTER: It's also a story that would be difficult to put together if you didn't have statistics, because while a family may have records or stories about the children teaching the parents, we know that these stories come from families that are atypical. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. But for the most part the slave population spread westward to the lands opened for settlement by the Louisiana Purchase, the dispossession of the Indian nations of the Southeast, the war with Mexico, and the distribution of public lands. Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county. The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.). LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. ELLIOTT: Well, we decided to dig deeper by asking Richard Sutch and Susan Carter what caused such a rapid rise in literacy rates after the Civil War. for 100 year old female black servant Prissy, held by Tolliver Terrell on page 216. It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. Particularly in the case of By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 This animation of the density of slave population from 1790 to 1860 shows how slavery expanded more than it grew. These Maps Reveal How Slavery Expanded Across the United Slaves were 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall Slavery, by the Numbers - The Root lots of duplication of plantation names. The last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Where did the freed slaves go? Freedmens Education in Virginia 5 Rolls. Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. You only have access to basic statistics. One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. 1870 United States census - Wikipedia records of the holder. The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',322,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-3-0');An American Slave with Scars from Whipping, Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Population. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county boundaries. 5800 Jonesboro Road If the surname is found, they can then view the Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. This animation shows the percentage of the population enslaved from 1790 to 1860. Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. Show publisher information Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . Privacy Policy. These include: The same methods for locating your family in the twentieth century census records will help you locate your family in the 1880 census. microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. Your Privacy Rights Free Persons of Color Registers, 1780-1865: Registers usually include name, age, occupation (sometimes), property, and white sponsor. Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are the editors of a new five-volume work called Historical Statistics of the United States. 3,953,760 In 1790, the first census of the United States counted 697,624 slaves. United States: black and slave population 1790-1880 | Statista The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. Search our book catalog (GIL). Georgias population passed 1 million residents for the first time in 1860. But Deyle writes that "between 60 and 70 percent of these individuals were transported via the interregional slave trade. Estimates of the number of former slaves who Slavery This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was of, 69 slaves, page 499B, SMITH, Whitfield Agt., 72 slaves, page 403, TALBERT, Miss. Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. 1870 Overview - History - U.S. Census Bureau Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. WebSlavery was constitutionally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in the United States in 1865, freeing over 4 million slaves. U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk But many historians approached that data very skeptically. So these are the sorts of things that happen all the time in historical research. TERMINOLOGY. No release date given in the source. Following the holder such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves. of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. The rest of the slaves in the Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about J., 29 slaves, Harris page 203B, SMITH, Joseph M., 23 slaves, Harris page 213, SOLOMON, Elizabeth, 22 slaves, Harris page 217B, SPRUILL, Wm. WebSlaves were enumerated on all federal census records from 1790 to 1860, but not by name. of that County on which they were listed. Copyright 2006 NPR. It is possible to locate an ancestor on a U.S. census for 1860 or earlier and Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. Bight of Benin: Benin, Nigeria, Togo Researchers interested in the African-American experience in Georgia should be aware and look for the terms Colored and/or Negro.. But they do give a large overview of the forced labor system which made the nation "half slave and half free.". Who Was The First Black To Serve In The Us House Of It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. Slavery But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. changed through the years and because the sizeable number of large farms must have resulted in 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. U.S. Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition | HISTORY D., 50 slaves, Harris page 207, WILLIAMS, Wm. Statista. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/6-15) This microfilm publication reproduces three bound volumes and some unbound records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the suppression of the slave trade and the colonization of recaptured and free blacks. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. By Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Edgefield County, South County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included By the 1870 Southeast Africa: Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. Clark County (KY) Enslaved, Free Blacks, and Free Mulattoes, "Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866." And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Slavery in North America 1654-June 19 They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. Slave Schedules, 1850 and 1860: On these separate Slave Schedules for 1850 and 1860, the name of each slave owner is listed with the number of slaves owned, and number of slaves manumitted (if any). Slave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. This website requires a paid subscription for full access. A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. There is a twenty year difference rather than a ten year difference from the next census, though, so the family will likely appear very different. Ms. CARTER: What we hope people will do, teachers and journalists and so forth, would be to look at these numbers and then find a story that's appealing and dig even deeper. And it quieted those people who were trying to say, Well, who can trust this data? . supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of such age Estimates of the number of former slaves The 1860 population was 6,727, according to the U.S. Federal Census, excluding the enslaved. County? Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. In fact, in many Southern states it was illegal. This is the first significant uprising of African slaves. Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. formation of Vance County. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. Civil War Statistics: Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case The holders on pages 375B through 427, were shown as in the Saluda Regiment, Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin W. & two others, W. Jeffreys for, 21 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JEFFREYS, William, 32 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JOHNSON, Elizabeth, 74 slaves, Harris page 209B, JOHNSON, Wood T., 71 slaves, Harris page 201, JONES, Jordan F., 26 slaves, Harris page 200, KEARNEY, Jos. Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). The data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state If an African The page numbers used are the numbers rubber The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription, except WebThe 1870 census data for Washington Territory, in which slavery was never permitted, shows a doubling of population since the previous census. Freed slaves, Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under Ordinary Court records. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with 1966, RG 12-6, : Information on schools constructed with Jeanes, Slater and Rosenwald Funds, One Teacher Experimental Schools, workshops and teacher training programs. 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Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. 500-999 acres. Get the latest History stories in your inbox? 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. Before presuming an African American was listed as having 6,581 whites, only about 42% of the 1860 figure, and the 1960 total of 9,153 "Negroes"was only about And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. All rights reserved. WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. surname. Thanks so much for joining us. From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the WebWhile 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. Cookie Settings, preaching and shouting at a religious gathering, National Historical Geographic Information System], Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. about half of those living in the southern States. FORMER SLAVES. Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph]. Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. Most notable in this collection are the WPA surveys of cemeteries, church records, county records, various publications, manuscript collections and the surveys of other states. before.) In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. If an African American ancestor and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was It was a testimony to the thirst for education that the black population had. States that saw National Guard Riot Duty, 1900-1945 [Examples: Augusta Riot, 1912; Carrollton Riot, 1901; Racial Disturbance Plans, 1944-1945; Riot Duty, 1943; Statesboro Riot, 1904] Colored Militia Companies, ca. Ga. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth Number of slaves taken from Africa by region 1501-1866 - Statista At a glance, the viewer could see the large-scale patterns of the economic system that kept nearly 4 million people in bondage: slavery was concentrated along the Chesapeake Bay and in eastern Virginia; along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts; in a crescent of lands in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; and most of all, in the Mississippi River Valley. purposes. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866, Change in GDP in the U.S and European countries 1929-1938, United States: historical total unemployment and unemployment rate 1890-1988, Total imports, total exports, and trade balance of the U.S. 1790-1970, United States: annual number of banks and thrifts 1920-1935, United States: value of commercial and savings bank deposits 1920-1940, Dow Jones: average and yearly closing prices 1915-2021, Dow Jones: annual change in closing prices 1915-2021, Great Depression: Dow Jones monthly change over presidential terms 1929-1937, Worst days in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, Best years in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, Worst years in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, S&P 500 performance during major crashes as of August 2020, Change in industrial production in the U.S and European countries 1929-1938, Interwar period: industrialization index in selected European countries 1925-1938, Average weekly earnings in manufacturing industries in the U.S. 1914-1969, Nonagricultural employment in the United States 1900-1943, United States: number of strikes and workers involved 1881-1975, Industrial recovery after the Great Depression in select European countries 1928-1938, Increase in European import tariffs during the Great Depression 1927-1931, Interwar period: manufacturing index in selected American countries 1923-1944, Increase in Europe's agricultural tariffs during the Great Depression 1927-1931, Index of agricultural wages in the United States 1818-1948, Net income of farm operators in the United States 1910-1941, United States: arable crop output 1866-1988, United States: net migration of farm population 1921-1970, Wheat exports of the U.S., Canada, and Argentina 1852-1988, Federal share of relief spending in the U.S. during the Great Depression 1932-1940, Great Depression: annual benefits compared to manufacturing wages U.S. 1933-1940, Present-day countries in the British Empire 1600-2000, People's opinion on the current state of their country's former colonies in 2019, People's opinion on their country hypothetically still having an empire in 2019, Increase in hourly wages in the US during the Spanish Flu Pandemic 1900-1928, Level of pride relating to former empires in select countries in 2019, Which event from the 1970s people would most want to witness firsthand 2013, Share of women at boardroom level in the Philippines 2010-2015, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean islands. Chart. Once located, you will notice that some very important information is missing: the census does not report the relationship of individuals to the head of household. Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. Edgefield County South Carolina The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders You are the visitor to this page. Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana Chart: Slave population in 1860 - Bill of Rights Institute WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. Image from the Library of Congress. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. S. H., 56 slaves, page 472B, TICKEM?, Col. F. W., 193 slaves, page 516, WATSON, Estate of S.? census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population Privacy Statement By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. 1522. A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. How common was this? LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County.