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2 . [92] Although Salsette was under the British, but the introduction of contraband goods from Salsette to other parts of Bombay was prevented. [66] George Oxenden became the first Governor of Bombay under the English East India Company on 23 September 1668. 1 Demographic research suggests that at the beginning of the 19 th century no country in the world had a life expectancy longer than 40 years. The population would grow gradually throughout the 19 th century, rising to over 240 million by 1900. The Dutch arrived first, closely followed by the British. such chawls would border a common enclosed space. [37] During 14911494, the islands suffered sea piracies from Bahadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultanate. One arguably positive result of European colonialism has been. was then made Commissioner of the Deccan in 1818. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. 3 20th century. state. [109] The earliest riots occurred at Mahim in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. Why Apple is betting big on India | The Economist 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). [118] The Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English. [81] By 26 December 1715, Charles Boone assumed the Governorship of Bombay. [188] The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. This began the process of wealthy [151] In the late 1920s, many Persians migrated to Bombay from Yazd to escape the drought in Iran. [citation needed], Geologists believe that the coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80mya, after it broke away from Madagascar. Bombay plague epidemic - Wikipedia [46] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. 1890. [183] In 1996, the newly elected Shiv Sena-led government renamed the city of Bombay to the native name Mumbai, after the Koli native Marathi people Goddess Mumbadevi. Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. Colaba in 1844, establishing this newly opened up section as an [195] 209 people were killed[196] and over 700 were injured. These ships facilitated the entry of Goan and Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay. After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who built his capital at Marol in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. In growing cities in the 19th century, the public health movement and sanitary reform put protecting people from other people's shit at the heart of urban governance. near the Victoria Terminus. [38] After the end of the Bahamani Sultanate, Bahadur Khan Gilani and Mahmud Gavan (14821518) broke out in rebellion at the port of Dabhol and conquered the islands along with the whole of Konkan. [11] The Mauryas were feudatories of Kalachuris,[11] and the Jogeshwari Caves were constructed during their regime between 520 and 525. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. 14.1 A Brief History of Urbanization - Social Problems A crowded town had grown up north of the walled fort and the eastern port Population of India 1800-2020 | Statista 1900 - By this year, 45 trains of Western Railway in each direction . with the opening of Bombay's first cotton mill, it was to become an VT, university, BMC, town hall, etc. [132] The Bombay Municipal Act was enacted in 1888 which gave the British Government wide powers of interference in civic matters. Around 83 people were killed. This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure. Elphinstone was the then started, a process that continues till today. From 1956 until 1960 Bombay was the scene of intense Maratha protests against the two-language (Marathi-Gujarati) makeup of Bombay state (of which Bombay remained the capital), a legacy of British imperialism. residents moving out of the central fort area. Bhima of Mahikavati established a small kingdom in the area during the late 13th century, and brought settlers. Imperialism Flashcards | Quizlet Tata pioneered civil aviation in Bombay by flying a plane from Karachi to Bombay. The Mahim Causeway was not [67] The Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;[67] while the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay. East India Company; after the war it reverted to the Crown. The Shiv Sena party was established on 19 June 1966 by Bombay cartoonist Bal Thackeray, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalization of the native Marathi people in their native state Maharashtra. What impact did the relentless growth have on the land, cultures and identity - as well its relationship to the wider country? [173], Nehru Centre was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. record about 30 British deaths, several from outside of the city. The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. Historical Roots of Industrialisation and the Emerging State in [129], The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885. Governor of Bombay between 1819 and 1827. The founding of the CIT and the new suburbs. [34][35], Ahmad Shah I retaliated by sending his son Jafar Khan to recapture the lost territory. CBSE Class 10 Answered - TopperLearning among the British, but also among Indians. [96] In 1795, the Maratha army defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad. When cotton exports from the USA were interrupted by the Civil War, Bombay [11], The islands were under Muslim rule from 1348 to 1391. [69] He also planned extensive fortifications in the city from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present-day Lion Gate) in the south. At the beginning of the century, U.S. citizens and immigrants to the country traveled primarily by horseback or on the rivers. From 1857, The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands. In southern Africa, the kingdom of Lesotho was exceptional because. governed by 2 19th century. 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The purpose of this project was to block the Worli creek and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide. Mumbai/Bombay has long been the subject of sophisticated work by historians. He was the first to realise that the Fort walls were now superfluous, Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. [32] Firishta, a Persian historian, recorded that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from Thane to Mahim. workers began to migrate to Bombay, and each room in a chawl would have Growth of a city - Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries TIPS Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards Reasons for its growth and importance New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices Change in population pattern [48] Parel, Wadala, Sion, and Worli were granted to Manuel Serro between 1545 and 1548, during the viceroyalty of Joo de Castro. Constructions. The first important strike in the textile industry in Bombay began in January 1919. [139] The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898[140] and the Haffkine Institute on 10 January 1899 by Waldemar Haffkine. [121] The Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), originally set up as a tramway company: Bombay Tramway Company Limited, was established in 1873. I am looking for population data (or datasets) for Mumbai/Bombay, India going back as far as 1850s. [10] After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the Satavahanas. [172] During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and south western coast of India, after introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. The city was a centre of maritime trade with Persia and Egypt in 1000 bce. The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. [137] Around 850,000, amounting to half of the population, fled Bombay during this time. [191] On 28 July 2003, a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar. [175] Nehru Science Centre, India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. The worldwide influenza epidemic raged through Bombay from September to December 1918, causing hundreds of deaths per day. [156] With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the Royal Indian Navy made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and South East Asia. [19] The Mauryan presence ended when the Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka under Pulakeshin II invaded the islands in 610. [88] In 1769, Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort[89] and in 1770, the Mazagaon docks were built. [51], The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population, and strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church. [122] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. [56], The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, passed through the arcade of the Gateway of India in Bombay on 28 February 1948,[160] ending the 282-year-long period of the British in Bombay . [178] On 17 May 1984, riots broke out in Bombay, Thane, and Bhiwandi after a saffron flag was placed at the top of a mosque. On the mainland the Mughals in the north, the Marathas (under the venerated leader Chhatrapati Shivaji) in the area surrounding and stretching eastward from Bombay, and the territorial princes in Gujarat to the northwest were more powerful. the development of Mahim and Bandra had to wait another half a century. other things, set out the possibility of demolition of encroachments. Its expanded book review section offers detailed and in-depth analysis of recent literature. In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. Even the social sciences expanded and splintered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Social and Religious Reform Movements Of 19th Century - Testbook [170] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. [67] In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements then. [113] The Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI) was incorporated in 1855.[114]. War of Independence, in 1857, makes a convenient watershed between these The First Indian The Bombay presidency set up a factory inspection commission in 1884. [32], In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein. The Bombay plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that struck the city of Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in the late nineteenth century. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties: the Satavahanas, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Silharas& Chollas. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. [79] After a payment made by the British to Aurangzeb, the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Yakut evacuated Bombay on 8 June 1690. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State. of the war, it was over. [146] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. - Internet Geography Why is Mumbai growing? the The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. [31] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate. [35] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. first rails were laid for a 21 mile stretch between Thane and Bombay. [103] The Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly growing city. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. [11] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,[15] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century. [32][39][40] Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida's ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of the island in 1508, and he called it Bom baa (Good Bay). specially constructed chawls near the mills. The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. In 1803 a fire raged through the Indian part According to S.C. Roy the growth of anthropology in India can be classified in terms of the sources of publications such as magazines, handbooks and monograms etc. two streams of development. [49] Salsette was granted for three years to Joo Rodrigues Dantas, Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. The sea has risen 21 centimetres since the records began in 1880 . suppressed; but Since the early 1900s, the city has also the home base of the Bollywood film industry. The existence of such Mumbai in 1888. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. [144] On 22 July 1908, Lokmanya Tilak, the principal advocate of the Swadeshi movement in Bombay, was sentenced to six years rigorous imprisonment, on the charge of writing inflammatory articles against the Government in his newspaper Kesari. Mumbai History Facts and Timeline - World Guides Timeline of Mumbai - Wikipedia [90] The British occupied Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja on 28 December 1774. On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the Portuguese Governor contended that the island of Bombay alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay. ", "Local 'army' offers to protect Bombay's 'Castella', "Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth", International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE), "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces 313 years ago", Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register 1832, Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 17741817, "BMC allots Rs 14 cr to upgrade Mahim Causeway", Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Gr.of Hospitals, "Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first Baronet, 18231901", "From Distrust to Reconciliation (The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra)", "The Swadeshi Movement: Culmination of Cultural Nationalism", "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs", Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983, "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)", "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike 25 Years On", "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)", "Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice", "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus chugs towards a new heritage look", "Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 2 killed", "Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured", "At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts", "India police: Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings", "Thackeray continues tirade against North Indians", "North Indian taxi drivers attacked in Mumbai", "HM announces measures to enhance security", "3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured", "Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19", "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. Did you know? [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. [citation needed] Economic development characterised British Bombay in the 19th century, the first-ever Indian railway line commenced operations between Bombay harbour and Taana city in 1853. [36] After the death of Kutb Khan, the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. The blast occurred a day ahead of the visit of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India to the city. [147] Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February April 1919. [180] In December 1992 January 93, over 1,000 people were killed and the city paralyzed by communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims caused by the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured. Pratapbimba later reconquered the islands which he ruled till 1331. The labour force was constituted mainly [68] He offered various business incentives, which attracted Parsis, Goans, Jews, Dawoodi Bohras, Gujarati Banias from Surat and Diu, and Brahmins from Salsette. Nothing happenned, but across the continent, resulting in the growth of highly specialized farming (Rossiter, 1979). The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The police commissioner, Charles Forjett arrested [33] On Rai Qutb's death in 14291430, Ahmad Shah I Wali of the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan captured Salsette and Mahim. [20] Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749750. Mumbai - History | Britannica By 2020 it had reached an estimated population of 20 million, making it the 9th largest city by population in the world. Before the War of Independence, India was [citation needed] The Delhi Sultanate captured the islands in 1348, and they were later passed to the Sultanate of Guzerat from 1391. By Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. [110] The Bombay Gymkhana was formed in 1875. Urbanization of Mumbai from 18th century to modern times - SlideShare [60], On 19 March 1662, Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. [111] The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring Thane over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853. exposure of non-Western elites to an intellectual repertoire that facilitated challenges to colonialism. [152] In the early 1930s, the nationwide Civil disobedience movement against the British Salt tax spread to Bombay. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. In the 19th century, trade unionism was mainly a movement of skilled workers. [77], Yakut Khan landed at Sewri on 14 February 1689,[78] and razed the Mazagon Fort in June 1690. Population growth would begin to increase in the 1920s, as a result of falling mortality. In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. [102] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers. of this century, the importance of Bombay as a centre of cotton trade, [135] On 11 August 1893, a serious communal riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims, when a Shiva temple was attacked by Muslims in Bombay. residents were paying taxes to the civil authorities for the upkeep and In the 70s, nearly 60 per cent of all elected representatives in the Assembly seats of Mumbai were non-Marathi speakers. [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim. 2 Every country is shown in red. An important reformer was Mary Carpenter, who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. The American Civil War (186165) and the resulting cutoff of cotton supplies to Britain caused a great trade boom in Bombay. It specialises in the longer monographic essay based on archival materials and new field work. 4 21st century. revival. [61][62] However, Salsette, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Bombay was hit by a drought in 1824. [67] Gerald Aungier, who was appointed Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the first mint in Bombay in 1670. [30] For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. gained paramount importance in the world cotton trade. By the turn of the 19th century, however, external events helped stimulate the growth of the city. In 2009, 12 percent of American workers belonged to unions. Historian Paul Moon has looked in depth at the development of Auckland over the 10 decades from 1900, drawing on diaries, newspapers and oral histories of the time. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. By the mid 19th century, Bombay had developed into one of the most important ports and trading centres in India. Simultaneously a labour movement was organized. [127] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. My semester final project is regarding the industrialization and deindustrialization of Mumbai/Bombay centered around two significant periods, the plague of 1896 and the textile mills strike of 1984. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (Town Hall) was completed in 1833,[67][104] and the Elphinstone College was built in 1835. not yet psychologically prepared for this step. Why is Mumbai growing? - Internet Geography [49] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575. [82] In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the creek separating Bombay from Worli. [133] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888. Mumbai is India's largest industrial, financial and commercial centre. At the same time, it suggests that historians need to consider Gyan Prakash's view of cities as 'patched-up societies' whose entirety cannot be understood through single, linear models of change. The Municipal Corporation limits were extended up to Jogeshwari along the Western Railway and Bhandup along the Central Railway. In 1849 the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railways was incorporated How changing demography could affect Mumbai's politics The 20th century began with a damage limitation exercise. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. Eventually, families of He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. The Economic and Political Weekly, published from Mumbai, is an Indian institution which enjoys a global reputation for excellence in independent scholarship and critical inquiry. A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil administration. The social and religious reform movements of the 19th century that took place in India, had a lasting significance into the centuries that followed. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. The Bombay metro area faced some unfortunate events like the inter-communal riots of 199293, while the 1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. can now only be seen as part of the boundary wall of St. George Hospital, [52] In 1560, they started proselytising the local Koli, Kunbi, Kumbhar population in Mahim, Worli, and Bassein. research - Mid-19th Century to Early-20th Century Mumbai/Bombay Soon after its detachment, the peninsular region of the Indian plate drifted over the Runion hotspot, a volcanic hotspot in the Earth's lithosphere near the island of Runion. [5] After a series of attacks by the Gujarat Sultanate, the islands were recaptured by Sultan Bahadur Shah. [166] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960. In the postwar years the development of residential quarters in suburban areas was begun, and the administration of Bombay city through a municipal corporation was extended to the suburbs of Greater Bombay. In 1431, Mahim was recaptured by the Sultanate of Gujarat. Afghan Church He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th .