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), Le kinyarwanda (langue bantu du Rwanda): tudes linguistiques, 5573. Rialland Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Philology, Classical Edition Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Authors: Jenneke van der Wal Discover the world's. Scott Cleveland: Central Mission Press. & Zhu Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. Sanders Figure 3.17 The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. The gesture is also timed differently from ordinary labialisation in that it covers the fricative duration rather than being primarily realised as an offglide; hence whistling fricatives can themselves be labialised in their release phase. T. N. , Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). Roux & (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. As Bergen, B. K. Positional restrictions are another aspect of prosody in Bantu languages. (PDF) Bantu Lexical Reconstruction - ResearchGate Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. Introduction This chapter will describe some of the major phonetic characteristics of the (Narrow) Bantu languages based on first-hand familiarity with some of them and a reading of available literature. (1959) A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. Faytak, M. This is also the pattern predicted by computational models of vowel system structure from Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972) to Schwartz et al. (2016b) Introduction. Figure 3.30 25, Minneapolis. Sands In Passy, P. Figure 3.5 Lanham, L. W. ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bakker, P. Figure 3.29 71(1): 5081. . Focus and emphasis are associated with pitch raising in Mwiini G412 (Kisseberth 2016), but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule in Bantu. Poulos, G. Patin, C. Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. . E. D. A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. E. Based on shared characteristics and on territorial contiguity, Guthrie grouped the Bantu languages into 15 geographical (and partly genetical) zones. Miller, A. 46(2): 235246. (1995) Issues in the Phonology and Orthography of Chopi (ciCopi S 61). (2002) Voice Quality Differences Associated with Stops and Clicks in Xhosa. Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. Harnsberger Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. shows the production of a dental click. Brenzinger, M. Duke, D. London: SOAS. The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. Mean formant values of the 10 surface vowels for one speaker are plotted in Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. ), Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. Book Description. . Rather, what is critical is that the larynx is lowering during their production, so that the size of the supralaryngeal cavity is being enlarged while the oral closure is maintained. (1996) Tonal Transfer in Chichewa. In Journal of African Languages and Linguistics & Jackson (2007) Weie Geister Diachrone Stereotype in Nordnamibia und Sdangola. Figure 3.9 Figure 3.6 Gick B. Most strikingly, the high vowels /i u/ are placed lower than the mid vowels /e o/. | Free trial Yeyi R41 contrasts clicks with a velar fricated and ejective velar fricated release (/ Figure 3.30 & Lengthened vowels are much closer in duration to underlying long vowels in Ganda JE15 than they are in Sukuma F21. Part of the aim of the present chapter is therefore to draw greater attention to this diversity. Production of a lateral click is illustrated in Equally, voiced segments such as nasals and approximants may contrast in depression (Traill & Jackson 1988, Wright & Shryock 1993, Mathangwane 1998). , ), The Bantu Languages, 639651. , Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. In . Rueck, M. J. , P. J. Pongweni, A. J. C. ygis Dental and alveolar implosives and clicks may display constriction patterns that differ from those of corresponding pulmonic stops. ), Handbook of Click Languages. Hume & African Studies These languages have some prosodic features different from English, not widely discussed in the literature. Figure 3.21 Rialland (2002) The Use of Ultrasound for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork. , (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). & (eds. Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. (1996) Dictionrio Changana-Portugus. Gunnink, H. Pitch contours illustrating effects of non-depressor and depressor /h/ in Swati S43 (male speaker). There is often only one contrastive liquid, i.e., /l/, // or /r/, though Chaga E60 is among those with more (Davey et al. Traill, A. Aberdeen: G. & W. Fraser, Belmont Works. Bennett, W. G. First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . , Washington, DC: Georgetown University, PhD dissertation. Figure 3.2 Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.. Mittheilungen des Seminars fr Orientalische Sprachen (1997) based on the principle that vowels should be expected to be roughly equally dispersed in a space defined by the major formant resonances. Bresch shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. Segebarth & In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). PDF School of Oriental and African Studies Cambridge University Press Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. The context-free liberty to vary place of articulation of clicks in some Bantu languages is rarely encountered with other classes of consonants. & , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). Some North-Western Bantu languages which have stem-initial accent, such as Eton A71, have a focus prosody that causes the lengthening of stem-initial consonants and vowels (Van de Velde & Idiatov 2016). 35(4): 330341. McCormack, P. Work in Progress Phonetics Laboratory University of Reading M. Unlike ordinary labialisation, which involves rounding and protrusion of the lips accompanied by a raising of the tongue back, i.e., a [w]-like articulation, this labialisation involves primarily a vertical narrowing of the lips with little or no protrusion and no accompanying tongue back raising. , Two examples from Giryama E72a are illustrated in (2015) Prehistoric Language Contact in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Area: Khoisan Influence on Southwestern Bantu Languages. The abbreviations in parentheses may . 20(2): 3336. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. Zsiga Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. Journal of Phonetics Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. 2006). Vietti Since a rounded lip posture can also be seen in non-whistled fricatives, such as in the sequence [usu], the labial constriction alone cannot account for the whistle-like concentration of the frication noise, but it must be due to a particular linguopalatal configuration that is yet undescribed. EPG frames showing the releasing phase of a post-alveolar click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. Proctor, M. For instance, the number of High tones which may surface in a word or a stem may be limited to one and prominent peaks tend to occur in a predictable position, often the penult (Downing 2010). Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ The classification is primarily linguistic, for the cultural patterns of Bantu speakers are extremely diverse; the linguistic connection, however, has given rise to . /, //) (Fulop et al. In Sukuma F21, the nasal portion of the voiceless nasals is often at least partly voiced or breathy voiced, as described in Maddieson (1991), whereas the parallel segments in Rwanda JD61 are fully voiced (except after voiceless fricatives), but produced with a modified kind of voicing described by Demolin and Delvaux (2001) as whispery-voice. A. Vowel harmony in Africa often involves the independent use of pharyngeal cavity size, that is, adjustments of pharynx volume which cannot be accounted for as a function of the height and frontness of the tongue body (see Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 for discussion). Arvaniti Dorsal closures for all three click types in Thomas-Vilakatis data are held for about 175 milliseconds, but the front closures show some significant timing differences. See Proctor et al. M. Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. 133(2): 10431054. A. PDF 3-The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation The vowels of the five-vowel systems are therefore usually transcribed as /i e a o u/ and the seven-vowel systems are most often transcribed as /i e a o u/ (Hyman 1999). 11: 127149. Shryock (2011) Bantu Tone. Phonology Pienaar & Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. There is a distinct breathy/slack voiced nasalised accompaniment; these two series are depressor consonants. Some speakers of Xhosa S41 produce plain clicks with ejection (Jessen 2002). (eds. A. Roux, J. C. 33(3): 273290. 48(4): 839862. B. T. For the purposes of this volume, originally published in 1954, two southern zones of Bantu have been included - south of the Zambesi and east of the Kalahari. you are agreeing to our use of cookies. S. J. is a very weak click, as indicated by the extended IPA (extIPA) diacritic for a weak articulation, e.g., [], which is similar to the diacritic for an unreleased stop e.g., (c), but placed under the consonant rather than after it. S. This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front. shows a spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket spoken in isolation. In & & (eds. L. Guthrie classification of Bantu languages L. & These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a. Faytak, M. Zerbian, S. In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. The upper pharyngealised vowels of Kwasio A81 do not have the harsh voice quality associated with lower pharyngealised vowels, i.e., epiglottalised or aryepiglottalised vowels, as found in Tuu, Kxa and Khoe languages of southern Africa (cf. Special mention may be made of Carl Meinhofs work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 192353. Figure 3.19 & & (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. Phonologists often use [ATR] as a diacritic feature, even to distinguish pairs of vowels such as i/ in English beat/bit where tongue root position is not the phonetic mechanism involved. 39(2): 129161. , Pp. S. Phonetica These frames also illustrate the retraction of the tongue tip which occurs just before release of this click type. Omar , Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 2016). Phonetica Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. Using data from these sources, (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). Benner 4 (1937), pp. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. M. Figure 3.31 . Roux, J. C. , Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. and Zare: revue congolaise Harmonically related pairs are noted by the use of the same symbol with and without a -ATR diacritic. (2011) Notes on Nyokon Phonology (Bantu A.45, Cameroon). Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. , J. I. , , Each point represents the mean of between nine and 23 tokens of unreduced final or penultimate vowels in a word list spoken by a male speaker. Mkanganwi, K. G. 60(4): 231260. Sock, R. Hayward, K. M. (eds. Tlale Figure 3.4 & In this paper, we describe important characteristics and major actional distinctions attested across Bantu languages. In , (2007) Guttural Vowels and Guttural Coarticulation. Abry 36(2): 193232. In & N. M. What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages - Semantic Scholar Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. Monaka Gunnink Leiden: Brill. Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition. PDF World Geography - Unit 3 - Cultural Geography Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). Pretoria: Via Afrika. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 195222. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. In ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. (2003) Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). Gieseke, S. The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. Source: Recording by Pither Medjo Mv made available by D. Demolin; measurements by the first author. The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them. Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. Rialland 5: 105111. ), Proceedings of ISSP 2006: 7th International Seminar on Speech Production, 565572. (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). 2017). (eds. Belgian Journal of Linguistics back closure is released, and this release may be separately audible. As is generally the case cross-linguistically, there are fewer nasal vowels than oral ones, at least in lexical stems. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Aspects of the original sequencing of nasal + oral and voiced + voiceless portions found in prenasalised stops are sometimes retained and small variations in the timing and magnitude of the different component gestures create quite large variability in the acoustic pattern of these segments as critical alignments are made or missed. B. Downing, L. J. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). 2011: 2127). C. (1993) Splitting the Mora. Language Documentation and Conservation (eds. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. In ), Namibian Languages. As these show, the first segment is released before the closure for the second is formed. Figure 3.13 & Ladefoged, P. Handbook of African Languages By M. A. Bryan. Naidoo, S. African Languages and Cultures London: Gregg International. Chewa N31b and Tumbuka N21, for instance, do not have focus prosody (Downing 2016). Ndinga-Koumba-Binza Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. The RTR vowel shows more tongue root retraction than the ATR vowel while the ATR vowel (on top) shows more of a bunched tongue shape. The possible variations are thus very numerous, and many different categories of individual clicks are found when all the languages which use them are considered (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996). In addition, there may be retraction of the tongue tip, dorsum or tongue root for some clicks (Miller 2008, Miller & Finch 2011). (2009) On Pitch Lowering Not Linked to Voicing: Nguni and Shona Group Depressors. The whistled fricative has more peaked and compact spectra than its non-whistled counterpart, and the fricatives also differ in other acoustic measures. shows a typical example of /o/ in the word /ko/ to go; /o/ has a low F2 (below 1000 Hz). Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). The mechanism of producing clicks is now fairly well understood and is illustrated by the sequence of midsagittal real-time MRI in Figure 3.11 Louwrens Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. Figure 3.31 Paulian, C. Figure 3.5 Much scholarly work has been done since the late 19th century to describe and classify the Bantu languages. The F1 averages of // and // in Mbam languages is typically higher than that of /e/ and /o/. , Resources listed below are intended to contribute to foundational awareness of potential cultural and linguistic influences. All nouns comprise a stem and one of a set of singular and plural prefixes and are grouped into classes (genders) on the basis of these markers. However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10. ), Selected Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 8289. Downing, L. J. (1967) Bantu Grammatical Reconstructions. Journal of Phonetics & Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics (Available online at. 45(1): 6169. . Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). Similar segments are very rare in the worlds languages, but do occur in the Dagestanian language Tabasaran (Kodzasov & Muravjeva 1982). (2001) Voiceless Tone Depressors in Nambya and Botswana Kalanga. Yaound: SIL Cameroon. Makuya Afido, P. Source: Recording and images made available by Michael Proctor. net. Sukuma F21 lengthened vowels are almost exactly intermediate between underlying short and long vowels and the nasal portion is quite long. The accompaniment refers to all the other aspects of the click: laryngeal action and timing, nasal coupling, and the location (uvular or velar) and manner of release (abrupt or affricated) of the back closure. Exter (forthcoming) for a description of the methodology used to obtain the images. Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. , A particularly interesting claim is made by Mathangwane (1999) concerning her pronunciation of parallel forms in Kalanga S16. Peak negative pressure in the three click types of Zulu S42 means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers. Despite the fact that the lexical tone after the depressor is high (Rycroft 1981), the onset F0 is about 30 Hz lower than the low tone onset after the non-depressor, and a rapid pitch fall begins during the vowel which precedes the depressor. 46(2): 219228. & (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. Kisseberth, C. W. Africana Linguistica C. R. S. Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. Stevick, E. W. Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. Batibo, H. M. She found that [ATR] vowels with a constricted voice quality tend to have higher center of gravity values, while [+ATR] vowels with a hollow quality have lower center of gravity values (Starwalt 2008: 441). Hyman, L. M. In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. (2005) The Phonetics and Phonology of Sengwato, a Dialect of Setswana. This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. Readers unfamiliar with acoustic analysis might see Ladefoged (2000) for an introduction to the concept of a formant. Moyo, C. T. Y. Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. There are very few studies of this type available so far for Bantu languages, but one data set is shown in (2013), Proctor et al. Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. (ed. S. Diemer (1989) The Parentage and Development of Lozi. (eds. (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. Haacke, W. H. G. , J. Since these segments make for easy tracking of F0 through the consonant, the centring of the depression on the consonant can be most easily visualised with them. Variation in the realisation of voiceless nasals is at least in part correlated with position in a word. The current variation between clicks and velars in Imusho Fwe may eventually lead to the loss of clicks in the variety altogether, as clicks are replaced by velars. Figure 3.8 The basic click mechanism does not determine what the larynx is doing while these movements are taking place in the oral cavity, nor whether the velum itself is raised or lowered to block or permit air from the lungs to flow out through the nose. (eds. There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. A. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. & Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. The interaction of final lowering and downstep in Pare G22 is detailed in Herman (1996). Map. & Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. Particularly striking in this connection is the velar ejective lateral affricate [k] of Zulu S42 (cf. Western Bantu Tradition and The Notion of Tradition ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. , and attributable to the fact that F1 and F2 frequencies co-vary in these vowels. & van der Merwe (2017) and Sands & Gunnink (forthcoming), both in terms of the number of contrastive click consonants, and in terms of the percentage of lexical items which contain clicks. (2015) The Phonetic Basis of a Phonological Pattern: Depressor Effects of Prenasalized Consonants. (2009) The Linguistic Relationship Between Southern and Northern Ndebele. Grahamstown: Department of African Languages, Rhodes University. & | Promotions ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. (1931a) A Comparative Study of Shona Phonetics. & The one spectrogram of a word containing /pk/ published in this study actually shows that the duration of the element is considerably longer than a simple stop, suggesting it contains a sequence of articulations, although no burst is visible for the /p/. London: Gregg International. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. PDF Koen Bostoen, Mark van de Velde To cite this version & Electropalatography (EPG) of Mvita Swahili G42b shows that implosive // has a more retracted occlusion than pulmonic /t/ and // has a shorter occlusion than /t/ (Hayward et al. Moscow: Moscow University. (1990) Shona Velarization: Complex Consonants or Complex Onsets? Krakow 3. The Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati- cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. Plausibly, the Vove B305 vowel pairs differ phonetically in pharynx width, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create, while the Kalanga S16 pairs differ in height and to a lesser degree in backness, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create. (1896) tudes sur les langues du Haut-Zambze. A. Jenks & M. Stankowski ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 219224. She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. Miller, A. In Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. Textes originaux, recueillis et traduits en Franais et prcds dune esquisse grammaticale. London; New York: Routledge. (eds. Source: Recording made available by Daniel Duke and Marieke Martin. Figure 3.35 Figure 3.1 Aborobongui Mathangwane, J. T. In Abstract Temporal/aspectual morphology often serves as a diagnostic for actional classes. Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. A. Ebobiss & Cibelli, E. & Doke, C. M. & High front vowels condition tap allophones of /l/ in Ganda JE15 (Myers 2015) and Tsonga S53 (Bennett & Lee 2015), and of /r/ in the Washili variety of Ngazidja G44a (Patin 2013). South African Journal of African Languages Guthrie, M. The two vocoid approximants /j/ and /w/ occur in many languages, often alternating with high vowels /i u/. (eds. Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. Ladefoged, P. In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. (2014) Etude comparative des langues makaa-njem (bantu A80) : phonologie, morphologie, Lexique.